L. Rosalesa and D. Dresslerb Keywords: botulinum toxin, dystonia, spindles Dystonia may produce co-contractions and constant strain in numerous muscle fibers, including those of the muscle spindles. As proprioceptors, muscle spindles detect dynamic or static changes in muscle length and their afferent projections to the spinal cord play a central role in control of …
Kelly O’Brien1, Stephanie Nixon2, Richard Glazier3, Anne-Marie Tynan4 1Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 2Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 3Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada. 4Inner City Health Research Unit, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Background Due to medical advancements, many people living …
Joke Bradt1, Sharon W Goodill2, Cheryl Dileo3 1Department of Creative Arts Therapies, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 2Creative Arts Therapies, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 3Department of Music Therapy and The Arts and Quality of Life Research Center, Boyer College of Music and Dance, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA …
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